Which research methodology involves the extended, systematic observation of a complete social environment?

The correct choice is based on the definition and characteristics of ethnographic methods, which involve in-depth, detailed study and observation of people and their behaviors within their natural environment. Researchers using ethnographic methods immerse themselves in the culture or setting they are studying for an extended period, allowing them to gather rich qualitative data and a deeper understanding of the social dynamics at play.

This methodology prioritizes a holistic view, capturing the complexities of social interactions, contexts, and meanings that might not be evident through other research approaches. Ethnography is often employed in anthropology and sociology to provide insights into social practices, norms, and rituals, making it a powerful tool for exploring human behavior in specific environments.

In contrast, comparative methods focus on contrasting different populations or circumstances to draw conclusions, while experimental methods involve manipulation of variables to determine causal relationships, often in controlled environments. Survey methods rely on structured questionnaires or interviews to gather data from a large number of respondents, which, while effective for certain types of data collection, do not provide the in-depth contextual understanding that ethnography does. Thus, the emphasis on systematic, extended observation of a complete social environment distinctly aligns with ethnographic methods.